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Applying Error Correction to Network Analyzer Measurements Application Note 1287-3 Table of Contents Page Introduction 2 Sources of Errors and Types of Errors 3 Types of Error Correction 4 One-Port Calibration 4 The Effects of Adapters 5 Two-Port Error Correction 6 Electronic Calibration 7 Estimating Measurement Uncertainty 8 Performing a Transmission Response Calibration 10 Enhanced-Response Calibration for Transmission Measurements 11 Full Two-Port Calibration 12 TRL Calibration 12 Calibrating Noninsertable Devices 13 The Swap-Equal-Adapter Method 13 Adapter-Removal Calibration 14 2 Introduction Only perfect test equipment would not need correction. Imperfections exist in even the finest test equipment and cause less than ideal measurement results. Some of the factors that contribute to measurement errors are repeatable and predictable over time and temperature and can be removed, while others are random and cannot be removed. The basis of network analyzer error correction is the measurement of known electrical standards, such as a through, open circuit, short circuit, and precision load impedance. The effect of error correction on displayed data can be dramatic (Figure 1). Without error correction, measurements on a bandpass filter show considerable loss and ripple. The smoother, error-corrected trace produced by a two-port calibration subtracts the effects of systematic errors and better represents the actual performance of the device under test (DUT). This application note describes several types of calibration procedures, including the popular short-open-lo